![]() ![]() However, hafnium oxide, hafnium carbide, and hafnium nitride are quite refractory and have received considerable study as the most refractory compounds of the Group 4 (IVB) elements. Most hafnium compounds have been of slight commercial interest aside from intermediates in the production of hafnium metal. He noticed that there were groups of elements that exhibited similar properties, but he also noticed that there were plenty of exceptions to the emerging patterns. Hafnium's aqueous chemistry is characterized by a high degree of hydrolysis, the formation of polymeric species, a very slow approach to true equilibrium, and the multitude of complex ions that can be formed. The creator of the periodic table, Dmitri Mendeleev, in 1869 began collecting and sorting known properties of elements, like he was playing a game, while traveling by train. Hafnium is a hard, heavy, somewhat ductile metal having an appearance slightly darker than that of stainless steel. Additionally, hafnium is used as a neutron-absorber material, primarily in the form of control rods in nuclear reactors. Hafnium's primary use is as a minor strengthening agent in high temperature nickel-base superalloys. ![]() Hafnium is obtained as a by-product of the production of hafnium-free nuclear-grade zirconium. ![]() The two elements are almost identical in chemical behavior. It is always found associated with the more plentiful zirconium. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus are the main elements required by biological molecules. These elements are required for the existence of life. These elements are present in the vast majority of manufactured goods. Hafnium is a heavy gray-white metallic element never found free in nature. The main group elements and their compounds are among the most economically important elements. Hafnium, Hf, is in Group 4 (IVB) of the Periodic Table, as are the lighter elements zirconium and titanium. ![]()
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